The Letter From Birmingham Jail Was Written By Dr. Martin

The letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a famous and influential activist during the period of Civil Rights struggle in 1960 s America, from a confinement cell in Birmingham as a response to the open letter written and published by eight white clergymen from Birmingham. In their letter, the clergymen criticized Dr. King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) for their activism, while commending the Birmingham police. Though Dr. King structures the Letter as a direct response to the clergymen, they are ultimately a means through which he addresses white moderates in general and society at large. The Letter reflects many of his central philosophies, including those of nonviolence, civil†¦show more content†¦When they decided they could, they then prepared to protest. However, the SCLC chose to hold out because Birmingham had impending mayoral elections. Though the notorious racist Eugene â€Å"Bull† Connor was defeated in the election, his successor, Albert Boutwell, was also a pronounced segregationist. Therefore, the protests began. Dr. King understands that the clergymen value negotiation over protest, but he insists that negotiations cannot happen without protest, which creates a â€Å"crisis† and â€Å"tension† that forces unwilling parties (in this case, the white business owners) to negotiate in good faith. He admits that words like â€Å"tension† frighten white moderates, but embraces the concepts as â€Å"constructive and nonviolent.† He provides examples that suggest tension is necessary for humans to grow, and repeats that the tension created by direct action is necessary in this case if segregation is to end. He next turns to the clergymen criticism that the SCLC action is â€Å"untimely.† After insisting that Albert Boutwell was not different enough to warrant patience, he launches into an extended claim that â€Å"privileged groups† will always oppose action that threatens the status quo. They will always consider attacks on their privilege as â€Å"untimely,† especially because groups have a tendency towards allowing immorality that individuals might oppose. Dr. King insists that the black man has waited â€Å"more than 340 years† for justice, and he then launches into a litany of abuses thatShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.1334 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important part of the speech is not what is said during the speech, but what the audience feels and remembers after the speech was over. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a powerful advocate of African American rights, was an expert at convincing his audience to feel and react to his speeches however he wanted them to. One of the main ways he achieved this was through the use of the artistic proofs. The ‘artistic proofs’ is a term coined by the ancient greek philosopher known as Aristotle (User)Read MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Analysis1617 Words   |  7 Pagesamusement park,; that was the painful impediment that African Americans of the 1960’s faced solely due to the melanin in their skin (King 2). Among these African Am ericans was the reverend, doctor, humanist, husband, and Civil Rights activist, Mr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King was a middle class, black man with a life-long devotion of implementing ethnic equality to African Americans nationwide. Following one of Rev. King’s peaceful protests in Birmingham, Alabama, he was jailed on accounts ofRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages Is it not ironic that Martin Luther King Jr. s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, which testifies to his struggle for Civil Rights; not only contradicts the time Martin Luther King wrote it in, but also echoes the same sentiments of today’s moral causes and laws? . Dr. King (*) then known as Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter to Birmingham in response to his fellow clergymen’s criticisms of him being locked up for his actions in Birmingham’s Civil Rights protest. The letter’sRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King1510 Words   |  7 PagesLetter from Birmingham Jail was a letter written by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from a solitary confinement cell in Birmingham, Alabama. Some portions of the letter were written and gradually smuggled out by King s lawyer on scraps of paper including, by some reports, rough jailhouse toilet paper. Violent racist terror against African Americans was so horrible in Bir mingham in the summer of 1963 that the city was being referred to by some locals as â€Å"Bombingham†. King had been arrested while participatingRead MoreDeclaration of Independence and Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. are two American men who were key leaders during very controversial periods in U.S. history, and they were instrumental in movements that forever changed American society. Although their generations, cultures, backgrounds, and motives were quite different, their cause was relatively the same. It was a cause that stood against injustice, oppression, and sought the freedom of all men. Their beliefs and struggles were evident in their writings. Two of theRead MoreAn Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Letter from a Birmingham Jail was written by Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. in April of 1963, as he sat, as the title states, in a Birmingham, Alabama jail. King had been jailed for his participation in a peaceful protest of segregation in public places such as lunch counters and public restrooms (Berkley, 2003). While jailed, King read a criticism of the protest by a group of white ministers, who felt such demonstrations â€Å"directed and in part led by outsiders† were â€Å"unwise and untimely†Read MoreWhy Kings Letter from a Birmingham Jail Resounds throughout American History?926 Words   |  4 PagesTime: Why Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail Resounds Throughout American History Dr. Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail is a direct response to A Call for Unity, a letter penned by eight Alabama clergymen including one rabbi. In A Call for Unity, the eight clergymen decry the peaceful protests organized by Dr. King and his fellow civil rights activists. The clergymen claim that the protests are unwise and untimely. In his response written from jail, Dr. King outlines allRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreaus Letter From A Birmingham Jail1605 Words   |  7 PagesThoreau and The Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and taking a closer look at their rhetorical devices and strategy’s. In Civil disobedience by Henry David Thoreau shows us the need to prioritize some one’s wellbeing over what the law says. American laws are criticized mostly over slavery and the Mexican-American war. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† was written in response to a letter writt en by clergymen criticizing the actions of Dr. King and theRead MoreOutline And Objective Of A Persuasive Text1284 Words   |  6 Pageshave an empty picture. Evidence and reasoning are the two basic pieces of your persuasive letter. Without these, you’ll simply have a frame—your claim—without information to complete the argument. Explaining how things connect for your reader is one of the most important ways to strengthen your argument. Today s lesson objective is: Students will be able to develop an analysis using relevant evidence from texts to support claims, opinions, ideas, and inferences. When reading a persuasive textRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay examples651 Words   |  3 Pagesthe â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail) written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. the three artistic appeals of Aristotle are plainly apparent, especially logos. Dr. King repeatedly appeals to logos (Ruszkiewicz) throughout the entire piece; particularly when he says he was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist then gradually gained a matter of satisfaction from the label. He is very impassioned in his language and tone in this part of the letter, yet

Sound Elements How They Affect Poetry - 1120 Words

Annalise Thomason Professor Turley English 200 October 21, 2015 Sound Elements: How they Affect Poetry The lessons that individuals can learn though poetry are a very important key to understanding and learning about the world around you. In poetry you have to analyze what, how, and why something is being said or portrayed in a poem. Authors use many techniques and elements to help distinguish their meaning. Some of these elements are those of sound such as rhythm, rhyme, and tone. Each of these plays a major role in how a poem in interpreted by readers. This is because each one can change the meaning of a poem by how it is used. The poems of â€Å"The Dance† by William Carlos Williams, â€Å" My Papas Waltz† by Theodore Roethke, and â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† by Emily Dickinson are great examples of how these elements influence and shape the work and meaning of the author. The poem â€Å"The Dance† by William Carlos Williams used many different elements of sound in this poem, such as rhythm and rhyme, to bring a description and his interpretation of the painting â€Å"The Kermess† into words. Williams sets the rhythm of â€Å"The Dance† to match possible movements that occurred during this time at parties. An example would be â€Å"The dancers go round, they got round and around†(Kennedy and Gioia, 875). This insinuating that the people are dancing in circles. He also is able to set this rhythm using a specific meter. Each line has three beats and syllables creating a constant rhythm toShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Analysis – Amazing Grace747 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis – Amazing Grace The poetry â€Å"Amazing Grace† by John Newton is one of the most famous poems ever written and composed. â€Å"Amazing Grace† has been particularly influential and has affected lives since it was written. The reasons why â€Å"Amazing Grace† is influential are for the same reasons why I found this poem very interesting and engaging. The literary elements that attributed to the poem’s quality and importance are its form, content, and tone. These elements are what make â€Å"Amazing Grace†Read MoreEssay on The Sacred Words: Elements of Poetry1512 Words   |  7 PagesProgram #11 The Sacred Words: Elements of Poetry 1. Understand the importance of economy of language in poetry. It is important because it is the fewest words to fully get your idea across, not rambling on. Program #12: A Sense of Place 1. Show how clues and information in the poem about the setting affect a poems meaning for a reader It affects it changing the reader’s vision about what they are reading. 2. Discuss how a readers understanding of a poem is affected byRead MoreEchoes Of Sounds And Souls. Sound Is One Of The Most Intriguing1629 Words   |  7 PagesEchoes of Sounds and Souls Sound is one of the most intriguing elements of language. It is fundamental to all spoken languages yet does not explicitly lend itself to its written counterparts. For many of us we hear the sounds in our heads whilst reading. Nevertheless it could certainly be argued that the mere letters on the page themselves contain the entirety of the meaning; the sounds associated with them being of secondary importance. This argument holds some element of truth as it is entirelyRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Literary Text and Non-Literary Text1569 Words   |  7 Pagesartist’s will and imaginations and are therefore subjective. Poetry, novels, short stories and dramas are written in a particular way, and this is referred to as literary text. In literary texts, authors creatively create feelings and ideas to entertain their audiences. Examples of literary texts are poems, short stories and dramas. They have been described as â€Å"the best words in the best order†. The use of sound of words make poems sound like songs when read aloud. Poems have a particular appearanceRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Literary Forms691 Words   |  3 Pagespaper will consider the similarities and differences among the literary forms of drama, poetry, and the short story. Certainly, an obvious similarity is that they are all forms of literature and as such have the great potential to affect peoples hearts, minds, and experiences. Literature, when executive well, has the potential to change a persons perspective, inspire, or otherwise change who that person is and how that person thinks. This is a similarity that each one of these literary forms has inRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Poetry1168 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Dickinson’s poetry arose during a time of much deep questioning going on in the literary world. Many of her poems lend themselves to various interpretations, as Dickinson looks at the world through a variety of perspectives. Dick inson wrote concisely and broke the traditional rules of writing poetry, and in doing so often wrote in one way but meant something entirely different. Poem 340, or â€Å"I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,† is one of these such poems that has no clear answer and is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1075 Words   |  5 PagesBehind The Text Leah Cordier Ms. Paine Honor Tenth Grade Literature/Composition 14 December 2015 What is diction? The choice and use of words and phrases in writing. How does that affect a piece of literature? It creates and shapes it. What is structure? The complex construction of an arranged plan. How does structure relate to a poem? Structure in a pieces of literature, generates tension and deposition. The Road Not Taken, is a poem published in the early 1950’s by Robert Frost. The poem is summarizedRead MoreThe Song Analysis OfHey, Jude, By Paul Mccartney728 Words   |  3 Pagesdecided to change the title to â€Å"Hey, Jude† after hearing the name in a movie and liking the sound of the name. The voice of â€Å"Hey, Jude† is encouraging and urges Jude to not give up during hard times. Paul McCartney acts as the persona, taking an influential role in Jude’s life. â€Å"Hey, Jude† contains poetic elements that add to the overall effect of the song, including rhyme, symbolism, and multiple sound techniques. Paul McCartney added rhyme to â€Å"Hey, Jude† while coming up with the lyrics on hisRead More Langston Hughes: In the beginning there was language Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pages In The Beginning, There Was Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A dream is a hope, a wish, and an aspiration. Everyone has dreams about what they want to be when they grow up, how they want to live, whom they want to marry and how their life will turn out. However, not all dreams can come true right away. Many of them are just out of reach and can only be attained by hard work, leadership and determination. The poem â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes is an example of just that, a dream thatRead MoreEssay on Langston Hughes: in the Beginning There Was Language1027 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Beginning, There Was Language A dream is a hope, a wish, and an aspiration. Everyone has dreams about what they want to be when they grow up, how they want to live, whom they want to marry and how their life will turn out. However, not all dreams can come true right away. Many of them are just out of reach and can only be attained by hard work, leadership and determination. The poem A Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes is an example of just that, a dream that is just simply out of reach

Naked under the kilt (a fringe benefit) an imaginary conversation between Ellen Hulkower and her Ma Essay Example For Students

Naked under the kilt (a fringe benefit): an imaginary conversation between Ellen Hulkower and her Ma Essay For even the most seasoned theatregoer, wandering the streets of Edinburgh during the Festival can be as exhilarating and over-whelming as a stroll through a bazaar in Istanbul. During the last weeks of August every year, this staid Scottish capital is transformed into the theatre capital of the world, not by the official festival, prestigious though it is, but by the gigantic Festival Fringe which has engulfed it. The Edinburgh Fringe, like all of the fringe festivals modeled on it, does not in any way pre-select groups who wish to perform. In other words, anyone who can scrape together the money for travel, room and board, and then find a venue (often with the help of the Fringe administrative office), can participate. The facts and figures are daunting: Last year, for example, more than 550 companies performed each day for three weeks in 162 venues across the city, from 10 a.m. to midnight. Participants range from established names (last year Garrison Keillor, Steven Berkoff and Englands Hull Truck Company were in attendance) to a dizzying array of new writers, directors and performers, youth and community theatres, and university companies. To get a street-level view of what its like to take part in the Fringe, we asked one of last years participants, New York-based solo performer Ellen Hulkower, to describe her experiences. Her piece, Zel Rebels! The Story of a Woman in a (1) Man Show, is an irreverent examination of the metamorphosis of female roles. The characters she portrays, linked by an instinct for survival, include the sweetly impossible Regina, a repressed older woman who loves to describe in detail her finicky eating regime and occasional colonics; the volatile and brassy Darlene (portrayed with a set of plastic breasts), who surprises would-be harassers by harassing them back; and the long-suffering Ma, who voices her parental exasperation through rant-like momologues. Hulkower also pokes fun at the audiences voyeuristic tendencies in a brief interlude in which she takes Polaroids of the spectators while she is naked. She spent more than six months fundraising to bring Zel Rebels! to Scotland and hired two assistants, Dan Kagan an Philip Galinsky to help her run the show and publicize it. What follows is an imaginary (?) stateside slide show in which Ellen tel Ma what she did last summer. ELLEN: Okay, this is the city of Edinburgh and the amazing castle on a hill in the center of town which you have to walk past to get anywhere MA: (In a thick New York Jewish accent.) I know, Ive been there, go to the next. Oh this is the military tattoo. Didnt you love the tattoo? ELLEN: I wouldnt know, we never saw it. We were so busy campaigning that we missed out on a lot of sightseeing. MA: Your father and I loved it, all those bagpipes, all those horses ELLEN: All those men with nothing on under their kilts. MA: Thats just a myth. ELLEN: Ma, its true. I know. MA: Oh youre full of it. Whats this, why did you take a picture of people standing on a long line? ELLEN: Its called a queue. These people are queuing up at the Fringe Box Office. MA: They look so confused. ELLEN: Thats because theyre overwhelmed by trying to decide what to see. Last summer people had to choose from 572 possible shows MA: 572! And I thought Boca Raton was crowded in the winter. ELLEN: Boca schmoca 572 doesnt even include the main festival, the film festival, the bi-annual book festival and the endless free theatre happening in the streets. MA: So why would anyone want to see your show? Youre not famous or anything. ELLEN: Youre so encouraging, Ma. We pretended I was famous. You know, act as if? Look, heres a picture of one of the billboards Dan, Phil and I made. MA: Its huge! ELLEN: Yea, we kept making them bigger and better, adding more blown-up phrases from reviews hot off the press and 8 x 10 glossies from the show. Everyone hung flyers around the box office, but we wanted to stand out. So we hung a giant billboard from the scaffolding at the entrance of the box office, not a legal thing to do. Each time they tore it down, wed just make another one. Usually wed do this around 3 a.m., no competition then. Plus it was a glorious time to walk the Royal Mile. This is a picture of Dan and Phil with flyers pasted all over them. Mozart: Cosi fan tutte EssayELLEN: Not so small, a 75-seat house larger than most of the venues on the Fringe. We filled it up six or seven times and the other nights averaged around 25. We thought that was great since the average audience size on the Fringe was 7. MA: What about all those radio shows you did the time you were on with Garrison Keillor? ELLEN: I wasnt on with him, his interview was on right after mine. Ironically he made things more difficult for me because his show played for several nights at midnight too. So did many of the big comedians. They performed in these huge theatres and had an insane amount of publicity. But we rode on their coattails. Wed follow the guys hanging up their huge 3040 posters and while the wheat paste was still wet wed slap on our 1117 fluorescent pink posters. Saved us from having to drag a bucket of glue around town or getting a 6000 fine. You were lucky if your posters hung for 24 hours. The competition MA: I told all the neighbors and relatives you were on with Garrison Keillor. ELLEN: Sorry. One night I played to an audience of four men. I told them they were my own private bachelor party, and we immediately bonded. It turned out to be one of my best performances. MA: So that was your highlight? Running around naked on stage for four men? ELLEN: Ma, I did 22 performances in 24 days, not including all of the excerpts I did the pubs at 2 a.m., or at Fringe Sunday or on the Mervyn Stutter Show. It was a true test of stamina and a test of my material in a town not littered with friends. Audiences seemed to love the show. Many people saw it more than once MA: Maybe they didnt get it the first time. ELLEN: Funny. A middle-aged woman from France saw the piece five times, a 12-year-old Scottish boy saw it seven maybe even eight times and a group of high school students from Arkansas MA: A 12-year-old boy saw you running around naked? ELLEN: Yea, he loved it, kept calling it brilliant. Thats their word for cool, everythings brilliant. MA: Where were his parents? ELLEN: His dad was the super of the theatre I performed in, Randolph Studio, so Mark was able to sneak in. His mother finally stopped chasing him. She got me back though. She made me eat Haggis. Mark drew this caricature of me wait, I have a slide of it somewhereyea, here it is. Great, huh? MA: Brilliant. ELLEN: I had it printed up on flyers and T-shirts, it was a smash. Another audience member who sat in the first row sketched me naked. MA: No wonder they kept coming back. ELLEN: One time during the show a curtain caught on fire stage left. Excuse me, I told the audience, put the flames out with my bare hands and without a breath turned and said Im so damn hot the whole place is going up in flames. They applauded wildly. MA: When a plane finally lands after a bumpy flight people applaud wildly, too. ELLEN: The whole experience was kinda like a bumpy flight. The ultimate satisfaction came from moving people who were from different cultures night after night. It was very powerful. A young woman from Manchester came up to me and said, I cant believe it, that was my life up there. MA: Did you tell her it was really my life up there? ELLEN: Yours mine and ours, Ma. After all, if Im not careful Im going to turn into you someday anyway. MA: Now that would be brilliant.

nothing Essays - Team Sports, Alexander Cartwright,

There are many myths surrounding the origins of baseball. Many people believe that a young West Point Cadet named Abner Doubleday invented baseball one day in 1839 while in Cooperstown, New York. That is definitely not true. The Doubleday Myth was first created by a panel of "baseball experts" appointed to determine the origins of the game. The Commission based its conclusions on the testimony of one Abner Graves. History proved that Graves may not have been the most credible witness, however. Just a year later, Mr. Graves shot his wife, was declared criminally insane, and spent the rest of his life in a mental institution. Furthermore, when Doubleday died, he left behind thousands of personal letters. None of them mentioned baseball. It's hard to believe that if the man invented the game, he wouldn't have mentioned it at some point during his lifetime. It is now agreed that Abner Doubleday didn't invent baseball. The Doubleday Myth was perpetuated by the businessmen who founded the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936 in Cooperstown. They used the myth to establish a geographic link between the new museum and the origins of the game that it honored. Greedy rats Who Invented Baseball? In reality, baseball evolved out of several different "bat and ball" games such as English Rounders, Cricket, and American Town Ball that had been around for centuries. But there is one man who deserves the credit for establishing the fundamental rules of the sport and for organizing the first baseball game. He is Alexander Cartwright. Cartwright was a member of the New York Knickerbockers, a club of young businessmen who regularly played Town Ball to escape the confines of their office lives and get some exercise after work. In 1845, Cartwright and a committee from his club drew up clear rules designed to convert Town Ball into a more elaborate sport. He called it Base Ball. Cartwright actually wrote down his rules for Base Ball, and many of them are still fundamental parts of the game, including the concepts of: (1) fair and foul territory; (2) three strikes per out; (3) three outs per inning; (4) nine players per side; and (5) ninety feet between bases. He also outlawed the Town Ball practice of "soaking a runner," which allowed a defender to hit a runner with the ball to get him out. Given the speed of a Roger Clemens fastball, that particular change was very good for today's players. The first baseball game played under these new rules took place on June 19, 1846 between Cartwright's Knickerbockers and another squad known as the New York Nine. The teams reviewed the Cartwright Rules before the game, and then began the competition. One difference between the First Baseball Game and the current game is that the teams played until one squad reached 21 runs. There were innings, but they were not limited to nine. The New York Nine slaughtered Cartwright's Knickerbockers 21-1. Cartwright eventually moved to California in 1849 to chase the gold rush. On his journey across the country, he introduced baseball to every town he stayed along the way. He later moved to Hawaii and set up formal baseball leagues, which have been credited as the direct precursors of the Major Leagues. In 1953, Congress officially recognized Cartwright as the inventor of modern baseball. Some baseball scholars now challenge this assertion, but to date, there is no proof of an earlier baseball game or an earlier delineation of the formal rules of the game. Unless and until such evidence is unearthed, it should be accepted that Alexander Cartwright invented baseball. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/When_was_the_first_baseball_game_played#ixzz1IgmoXfNX

Know the Different Types of Exam Questions

Know the Different Types of Exam Questions Exam Questions: Understanding the Different Types Most exams are generally made up of different question types. Before starting to study for an exam, try to establish what genre of questions you can expect. Check all course and exam materials. Consult your tutor or lecturer if anything is not clear. This article provides some useful tips on studying for an exam and how to approach the most common question types. Answering Computational or Problem-Type Questions Questions in these categories involve solving problems with the use of calculations. If you are studying or preparing to answer computational or problem-style questions, you should: Familiarize yourself with the terminology, theories, vocabulary and any applicable formulas. Additionally you should know when and how to apply the latter. Try and get some previous exam papers to use for practice or you may find something in your course notes, texts, materials, and so on. Try answering questions of this type in their entirety and in the same manner as you would in an exam situation. Answering Essay Questions The answers to essay questions should be structured in a similar manner to any essay or scholarly report. These answers can range in length from a few short paragraphs to several pages. Reference lists will not be needed, but all sources should be acknowledged. The allocation of marks is often an indication of how long the essay should be. If you are studying or preparing to answer essay-type questions, you should: Look at previous exam papers, revision-style questions, or already-graded assignments to try to work out what questions you might get. However, you should make sure there have been no changes to the format or content of a particular style of exam. Try to write some model or ‘practice’ answers. Try practicing. For instance, you could try writing different answers as though you were in an exam situation. This involves developing an answer plan and getting your thoughts onto paper at exam speed. Things to remember when you are answering essay-type questions in an actual exam: Firstly, read and analyze every question in a meticulous manner until you are certain you understand the requirements. Do a little brainstorming to generate ideas and create an answer plan. You may find mind mapping or similar techniques helpful for this step. Write down a few keywords/phrases. Say, for instance, there are four or five key points to your answer. Make a note of these with a few keywords for every point. Your answer should begin with a brief rephrasing (in your own words) of the question. Every main point, topic or idea should be given a new paragraph. Every point should be supported with reasoning, examples and/or tangible results. Leave some space (a couple of lines) between paragraphs because you may wish to add more or new information later. With essay questions/answers, it is essential to remain within the time allocated to you. An excessive amount of time on one question can leave you short of time for subsequent questions. If you find yourself short of time, write down some key ideas and words to let the examiner know the direction you were going in. This may earn you a few extra marks. Additionally, leave plenty margin space for the exam marker. Try to make your writing as neat as possible and do your best to do some proofreading as you proceed.Answering Multiple-Choice Type Questions A multiple-choice question is made up of the first part of a sentence – known as the stem – or a full question and several (generally three to five) answer options. Those taking the test or exam are then required to select the answer they know or believe to be correct from the list of options. The allocation of marks indicates the amount of time you should devote to individual questions. If you are studying or preparing to answer multiple-choice questions, you should focus on: Names Factual details Terminology Theories and concepts, and any examples that underpin them Likenesses and differences. Things to remember when you are answering multiple-choice questions in an actual exam: Before answering any questions, read quickly through all of them and the answer options. Mark out any questions you are unsure of so that you can return to them if time permits. Answer those questions you are confident about first. After that try the other questions. Begin by marking off those answers you know to be incorrect. It is a good idea to look out for negative options in questions e.g. â€Å"which of the following are not †¦?† Do not change first answers unless you are sure. First instincts are usually correct. Stay within the time allowed to you. If time runs out and you have not answered some questions, leave them or take a guess at them. If possible, all questions should be answered even if some answers are guesswork. You just might be correct if you select an option. In some cases, however, you can lose marks for incorrect answers so be sure you understand the instructions before beginning. Answering with Short Answer Type Questions As the name suggests, these types of questions require relatively short answers, ranging from a few well-chosen words to one or two paragraphs. The allocation of marks is often an indication of how long the answer should be. If you are studying or preparing to answer short answer exam questions, you should focus on: Names Factual details Terminology Theories and concepts, and any examples that underpin them Likenesses and differences. Things to remember when you are dealing with short answer questions in an actual exam: Answers should be planned before writing commences. Answers should be brief. Questions should not be rewritten and there is no need to provide more details than the requested amount. Time may run out and you will not earn any additional marks. Do your best to answer all questions. Highlight those questions you are not sure about and return to them if time allows at the end.

The Invention of Radio Technology

The Invention of Radio Technology Radio owes its development to two other inventions: the telegraph and the telephone.  All three technologies are closely related, and radio technology actually began as wireless telegraphy. The term radio can refer to either the electronic appliance that we listen with or to the content that plays from it. In any case, it all started with the discovery of radio waves- electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures, and other data invisibly through the air. Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves, including radios, microwaves, cordless phones, remote controlled toys, televisions, and more. The Roots of Radio Scottish physicist  James Clerk Maxwell first predicted the existence of radio waves in the 1860s. In 1886, German physicist  Heinrich Rudolph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves, similar to light waves and heat waves. In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist, successfully demonstrated wireless telegraphy. Loomis was able to make a meter connected to a kite cause a meter connected to another nearby kite to move. This  marked the first known instance of wireless aerial communication. But it was Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, who proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. In 1899, he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel, and two years later received the letter S, which was telegraphed from England to Newfoundland (now part of Canada). This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message. In addition to Marconi, two of his contemporaries,  Nikola Tesla and Nathan Stufflefield, took out patents for wireless radio transmitters. Nikola Tesla is now credited with being the first person to patent radio technology. The Supreme Court overturned Marconis patent in 1943 in favor of Teslas. The Invention of Radiotelegraphy Radiotelegraphy is the sending by radio waves of the same dot-dash message (Morse code) used by telegraphs. Transmitters, at the turn of the century, were known as spark-gap machines. They were developed mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication. This form of radiotelegraphy allowed for simple communication between two points. However, it was not public radio broadcasting as we know it today. The use of wireless signaling increased after it was proved to be effective in communication for rescue work at sea. Soon a number of ocean liners even installed wireless equipment. In 1899, the United States Army established wireless communications with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. Two years later, the Navy adopted a wireless system. Up until  then, the Navy had been using visual signaling and homing pigeons for communication. In 1901, radiotelegraph service was established between five Hawaiian Islands. In 1903, a Marconi station located in Wellfleet, Massachusetts,  carried an exchange between President Theodore Roosevelt and King Edward VII. In 1905, the naval battle of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese war was reported by wireless. And in 1906, the U.S. Weather Bureau experimented with radiotelegraphy to speed up notice of weather conditions. Robert E. Peary, an arctic explorer, radiotelegraphed  I found the Pole in 1909. A year later, Marconi established regular American-European radiotelegraph service, which several months later enabled an escaped British murderer to be apprehended on the high seas. In 1912, the first transpacific radiotelegraph service was established,  linking San Francisco with Hawaii. Meanwhile, overseas radiotelegraph service developed slowly, primarily because the initial radiotelegraph transmitter was unstable and caused a high amount of interference. The Alexanderson high-frequency alternator and the De Forest tube eventually resolved many of these early technical problems. The Advent of Space Telegraphy Lee de Forest was the inventor of space telegraphy, the triode amplifier, and the Audion, an amplifying vacuum tube. In the early 1900s, the development of radio was hampered by the lack of an efficient detector of electromagnetic radiation. It was De Forest who provided that detector. His invention made it possible to amplify the radio frequency signal picked up by antennae. This allowed for the use of much weaker signals than had previously been possible. De Forest was also the first person to use the word radio. The result of Lee de Forests work was the invention of amplitude-modulated or AM radio, which allowed for a multitude of radio stations. It was a huge improvement over the earlier spark-gap transmitters. True Broadcasting Begins In 1915, speech was first transmitted by radio across the continent from New York City to San Francisco and across the Atlantic Ocean. Five years later, Westinghouses KDKA-Pittsburgh broadcasted  the Harding-Cox election returns and began a daily schedule of radio programs. In 1927, commercial radiotelephony  service linking North America and Europe was opened.  In 1935, the first telephone call was made around the world using a combination of wire and radio circuits. Edwin Howard Armstrong  invented frequency-modulated or FM radio in 1933. FM improved the audio signal of radio by controlling the noise static caused by electrical equipment and the earths atmosphere. Until 1936, all American transatlantic telephone communication had to be routed through England. That year, a direct radiotelephone circuit was opened to Paris. In 1965, the first Master  FM Antenna system  in the world, designed to allow individual FM stations to broadcast simultaneously from one source, was erected on the Empire State Building in New York City.

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Paper - Essay Example As the world continue to apply information technology in various sectors such as banking, education, trade and entertainment, intellectual property issues have become even more complicated. This has led to the formulation of a new set of laws known as cyber laws. Consequently, cyber crimes are defined as any form of malpractice that involves tampering with computer based resources, cyber fraud, cyber based intimidation, and computer hackings are some of the major cyber crimes. These laws are incorporated in the information technology act, 2000. It is difficult to implement intellectual property rights without proper cyber laws and legislation. Intellectual property Patents A patent is a legal document that is issued by the federal government to an inventor. The document gives the owner exclusive rights of reproducing or participating in his innovation without threats from other developers. The right is meant to promote creativity and innovation in various industries2. Moreover, paten t rights allow members of the public to disclose innovations and other forms of technological advances in their respective industries3. Laws meant to protect intellectual property under patents have been criticized for certain ambiguities. This has necessitated constant reviews to make the required adjustments. Thus, suitable legislations should have clear definitions on patents and the extent to which patents can be applied. Furthermore, suitable legislation should set limits beyond which the legislations are considered to be violated. This is to safeguard innovators and other property developers from accusations of intellectual property theft. Trademarks Trademarks are quality assurance symbols and information used to identify the quality of a product. Ideally, trademarks are business items that are meant to protect manufacturers and traders. Tirade marks have often been accused of promoting monopoly trade, which may be harmful to the economy. This is because they promote the sale and continuity of popular products while they inconvenience inexperienced entrepreneurs. Trademarks are also used as sources of standards for a particular products and services. Copyrights Copyrights are constitutional property rights, which grant rightful owner, creators, or authors of certain material exclusive rights over their production and distribution. Copyrights provisions are meant to promote innovation and useful arts by offering incentives and protection to their owners. Ideally, copyrights protect intangible and original works including music, research, books, photographs, films, and computer software. Copyright is a collection of rights that include; the right to reproduce copyrighted material, rights to derive additional work, rights to distribution and public display. Each of these rights is protected under the information Technology Act of 2000. Cyber crime A cyber crime is regarded as any crime or offense that violates The Information Technology Act 2000. This rede finition leaves out major issues and provisions that threaten activities in the real world. Moreover, cyber laws conflicts with freedom of information and cyber space. Certainly, cyber laws cannot work in isolation and they require adequate collaboration with other supportive or related laws. For example, a person who is accused of sending intimidating massages over the internet will be charged with criminal intimidation provisions that are contained in the common laws4. Further, a person