Bronze Age Mobile Pastoralists of Central Asia

Steppe societies is a collective name for the Bronze Age (ca. 3500-1200 BC) nomadic and semi-nomadic people of the central Eurasian steppes. Mobile pastoralist groups have lived and herded in western and central Asia for at least 5,000 years, raising horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and yaks. Their borderless lands intersect the modern countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Russia, affecting and being affected by complex social systems from China to the Black Sea, the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia. Ecologically, the steppe can be characterized as part prairie, part desert, and part semi-desert, and it extends in Asia from Hungary to the Altai (or Altay) Mountains and the forests in Manchuria. In the northern parts of the steppe range, rich grasslands covered in snow for about a third of the year provide some of the best pasturelands on earth: but in the south are dangerous arid deserts dotted with oases. All of these areas are part of the mobile pastoralists homelands. Ancient History Ancient historical texts from the settled parts of Europe and Asia describe their interactions with steppe people. Most of that admittedly propagandist literature characterizes the Eurasian nomads as fierce, warlike barbarians or noble savages on horseback: for example, the Persians described their battles between the nomads as the war between good and evil. But archaeological studies of the cities and sites of the steppe societies have revealed a far more nuanced definition of the nomad life: and what is revealed is a wide diversity of cultures, languages, and methods of life. The people of the steppes were the builders and maintainers of the vast Silk Road, not to mention the traders who moved countless caravans across the pastoralist and desert landscapes. They domesticated the horse, invented war chariots and also probably the first bowed instruments. But--where did they come from? Traditionally, steppe societies are believed to have been arisen from agricultural societies around the Black Sea, becoming increasingly reliant on domestic cattle, sheep, and horses, and then expanding eastward in response to environmental change and the need for increased pastureages. By the Late Bronze Age (ca 1900-1300 BC), so the story goes, the entire steppe was populated by mobile pastoralists, called by archaeologists Andronovo culture. Spread of Agriculture According to research by Spengler et al. (2014), the mobile Steppe Society herders at Tasbas and Begash were also directly involved in the transmission of information concerning domestic plants and animals from their points of origin into Inner Asia during the early third millennium BC. Evidence for the use of domesticated barley, wheat, and broomcorn millet has been found at these sites, in ritual contexts; Spengler and colleagues argue that these nomadic herders were one of the ways in which these crops moved outside of their domestications: broomcorn from the east; and wheat and barley from the west. Languages of the Steppes First: a reminder: language and linguistic history do not match one-to-one with specific cultural groups. Not all English speakers are English, nor Spanish speakers Spanish: that was true as much in the past as the present. However, there are two linguistic histories that have been used to try to understand the possible origins of the steppe societies: Indo-European and Altaic. According to linguistic research, at its beginnings ca 4500-4000 BC, the Indo-European language was largely confined to the Black Sea region. About 3000 BC, Indo-European language forms spread outside of the Black Sea region into central, southern and western Asia and the northern Mediterranean. Part of that movement must be tied to the migration of people; part of that would have been transmitted by contact and trade. Indo-European is the root language for the Indic speakers of South Asia (Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi), the Iranian languages (Persian, Pashtun, Tajik), and the majority of European languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese). Altaic was originally located in Southern Siberia, eastern Mongolia, and Manchuria. Its descendants include Turkic languages (Turkish, Uzbeck, Kazakh, Uighur), and Mongolian languages, and possibly (although there is some debate) Korean and Japanese. Both of these linguistic pathways seem to have traced the movement of nomads throughout and across central Asia and back again. However, a recent article by Michael Frachetti argues that this interpretation is too simplistic to match the archaeological evidence of the spread of people and domestication practices. Three Steppe Societies? Frachettis argument lies in his assertion that the domestication of the horse cannot have driven the rise of a single steppe society. Instead, he suggests scholars should look at three separate areas where mobile pastoralism arose, in the western, central and eastern regions of central Asia, and that by the fourth and early third millennia BC, these societies were specialized. Western Steppe: east banks of the Dneiper River to the Ural Mountains and north from the Black Sea (modern countries include parts of Ukraine, Russia; cultures include Cucuteni, Tripolye, Sredny Stog, Khvalynsk, Yamnaya; sites include Moliukhor Bugor, Derievka, Kyzl-khak, Kurpezhe-molla, Kara Khuduk I, Mikhailovka II, Maikop)Central Steppe: east of the Urals to the Altai edge (countries: parts of Kazakstan, Russia, Mongolia; cultures: Botai, Atbasar; sites: Botai)Eastern Steppe: east of the Irysh River to the Yenesei (countries: Russian Siberia, cultures: Afanas’ev (sometimes spelled Afanasievo); sites: Balyktyul, Kara-Tenesh) The sparsity of the archaeological record continues to be an issue: there simply hasnt been a great deal of work focused on the steppes. It is a very large place, and much more work needs to be accomplished. Archaeological Sites Turkmenistan: Altin-Depe, MervRussia: Sintashta, Kyzl-khak, Kara Khuduk, Kurpezhe-molla, Maikop, Ashgabat, GornyUzbekistan: Bukhara, Tashkent, SamarkandChina: TurfanKazakhstan: Botai, Krasnyi Yar, Mukri, Begash, TasbasUkraine: Moliukhor Bugor, Dereivka, Sredny Stog, Mikhailovka Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Human History, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. See page two for a list of resources. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Human History, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Frachetti MD. 2012. Multiregional emergence of mobile pastoralism and nonuniform institutional complexity across Eurasia. Current Anthropology 53(1):2. Frachetti MD. 2011. Migration Concepts in Central Eurasian Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 40(1):195-212. Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010. Golden, PB. 2011. Central Asia in World History. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Hanks B. 2010. Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes and Mongolia. Annual Review of Anthropology 39(1):469-486. Spengler III RN, Cerasetti B, Tengberg M, Cattani M, and Rouse LM. 2014. Agriculturalists and pastoralists: Bronze Age economy of the Murghab alluvial fan, southern Central Asia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany: in press. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0448-0 Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382

The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 27 Free Essays

â€Å"Come have a seat by the fire,† Scarlett said. She was smiling, in a twisted kind of way. Cassie tried to run back out the door, but she found her feet planted in place once again, just as they had been outside on the perimeter of the property. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 27 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"What’s going on?† she asked. â€Å"You can come in closer, you just can’t leave.† Scarlett’s smile brightened. â€Å"Where are the hunters?† Cassie asked. Scarlett shrugged her shoulders. â€Å"Don’t know.† â€Å"Are they even real?† â€Å"Oh, the hunters are very real,† Scarlett said. â€Å"They killed my mother and they followed me here. They just never caught me.† She tapped the empty space on the sofa beside her, indicating Cassie to sit. â€Å"Your Circle has no idea what they’re in for with the hunters. But they offered the perfect setup while I practiced my mind-invasion spells.† So all this time Cassie thought she was having visions, communicating across space and time to her sister, it was all just a trick. The Circle had been right all along. Cassie hadn’t been thinking clearly. Cassie couldn’t turn around and run away, but she still had the Tools, and they were quivering with energy. She could protect herself. could protect herself. She touched each relic and called on their power. Immediately, the Tools became hot – this time, too hot. They singed her skin like they’d turned against her. â€Å"Feel the burn?† Scarlett asked. She had somehow gotten the Tools to backfire on Cassie. They became angry and restless, sizzling with torment. â€Å"I’ll take them off your hands,† Scarlett said. Effortlessly, with one snap of her finger, the Master Tools obeyed her call. Like metal to a magnet, they unhinged themselves from Cassie’s body and flew at Scarlett’s outstretched hands. But how? How did Scarlett have so much influence over the Tools that she could beckon them? She must have been a more powerful witch than Cassie could have ever imagined. â€Å"It really is a shame you’ve never dabbled in the dark arts,† Scarlett said, sensing Cassie’s amazement at her abilities. Suddenly Cassie felt cold and naked, wearing nothing but the white shift. Powerless and bewildered, she shivered. â€Å"Who are you?† she asked. â€Å"I’m Black John’s daughter. Isn’t that obvious?† Scarlett said, gesturing at the Master Tools. â€Å"So we really are sisters.† â€Å"Oh yeah,† Scarlett said. â€Å"That part was real.† Scarlett, now wearing the Master Tools over her black T-shirt and jeans, reached for a poker from the fireplace. shirt and jeans, reached for a poker from the fireplace. Cassie stiffened, but then relaxed when Scarlett leaned over the side of the couch to an open bag of marshmal ows. She skewered one with the black metal poker and held it over the fire. â€Å"These Tools were meant for me,† Scarlett said. â€Å"Your whole life was meant for me.† â€Å"I don’t believe you,† Cassie said, trying her best to come off sounding strong and controlled. â€Å"I have no reason to believe anything you say.† Scarlett laughed. â€Å"You have every reason to.† She watched the marshmal ow reluctantly brown over the flame. She seemed to enjoy the way it struggled to maintain its exterior before succumbing to the heat. â€Å"I was the one he intended to be in the Circle with the rest of them,† she said. â€Å"I was born in November, like the others. Not you. Everything you’ve enjoyed since you arrived in New Salem – all of it rightfully belongs to me.† â€Å"No,† Cassie said. It couldn’t be true. â€Å"Yup. You were just an afterthought, a backup plan.† Cassie felt sick. And the sugary scent of burning marshmal ow wasn’t helping. Scarlett rotated the pointer in her hand like a rotisserie. â€Å"And now I’m here to claim my rightful spot in the Circle. But I’m going to have to kill you to get it.† She turned her shining black eyes onto Cassie. â€Å"Isn’t that a bummer, sis?† Scarlett gripped the metal poker with both hands, and Cassie realized just how much danger she was in. Scarlett did seem just crazy enough to kill her. She had to try to talk did seem just crazy enough to kill her. She had to try to talk her way out of this. â€Å"Why kill me,† Cassie asked, â€Å"when we could lead the Circle together?† Scarlett widened her eyes. â€Å"Really?† Her voice came out sounding childlike. â€Å"You’d be willing to do that?† Cassie nodded energetically. â€Å"Of course,† she said, trying to sound believable. â€Å"We’ll kick someone else out to make room for you as the twelfth member. Trust me, there are plenty of weak links.† Scarlett’s dark red lips curled into a vicious smile, and she laughed with her whole body. â€Å"You really are pathetic,† she said. â€Å"You don’t know much, but even you know it doesn’t work that way.† She pulled the pointer out of the flames. The burnt marshmal ow on its tip was now on fire, burning red like a hot coal. â€Å"Someone has to die to break the Circle’s bond,† Scarlett said. â€Å"And whichever member dies, they’re immediately replaced with someone of their own bloodline.† She shoved the flaming tip of the pointer under Cassie’s nose. â€Å"Didn’t you know that? Or had you and your little friends not gotten to that lesson in witch school? â€Å"You made for mostly an easy target,† Scarlett continued. â€Å"Until that protection spell made it impossible to kill you in New Salem.† â€Å"You were the one who cut my brakes,† Cassie said. It had finally all began making sense. Scarlett ignored the accusation. â€Å"But now you’re vulnerable,† she said. â€Å"No protection spell. And without even your precious Circle to save you.† Cassie tried to think of a spell, any spell, to help her out of this situation, but none came to mind. It was like her brain had reset to a blank page. Scarlett had somehow rendered her completely powerless. â€Å"And since you brought the Master Tools right to me, killing you should be easy.† Scarlett urged the fireball- tipped poker a centimeter away from Cassie’s face. She’s going to burn me, Cassie thought. She’s going to set me on fire. â€Å"Don’t waste your energy trying to do a spell,† Scarlett said. â€Å"Only black magic works in this house.† Black magic. That explained it, all of it. Cassie may have lacked the words to call on the element of Water, but she had to do something. With no other options, she took a swing at the pointer, knowing full well she’d burn her hand doing so, but it worked. She knocked the weapon from Scarlett’s grasp across the room. It landed with a thump onto the thick throw rug. Cassie was mildly proud of herself, but Scarlett didn’t seem the least bit rattled that she’d deflected the burning pointer from her grasp. â€Å"Nice work,† Scarlett said. â€Å"I couldn’t have done that better myself.† She directed Cassie’s attention to the smoke rising up from the rug where the pointer had landed. Then the smoke gave way to a small, newly born flame. Scarlett’s dark eyes sparkled, reflecting the silver of the diadem and bracelet, and the buckles of the garter. With a single wave of her hand, she fanned the small fire across the entire floor and up all four walls of the cottage, surrounding Cassie in a sweltering tent of heat and flames. I’m a fool, Cassie thought, a fool for being so trusting. Cassie cowered at the sight of the fire. There was no escaping a blaze of this size. â€Å"You’ve gone too far,† Cassie cried out. â€Å"You’ll burn in here with me.† Scarlett stood up and calmly began walking through the flames to gather her things. â€Å"Another thing you don’t know,† she said, yanking her clothes out of the closet and stuffing them into a large duffel bag. â€Å"The fire protection spell. It was one of Daddy’s favorites.† Smoke filled the room. It caught Cassie in the throat and brought stinging tears to her eyes, but Scarlett remained unbothered by it. â€Å"No!† Cassie screamed, crawling across the floor toward Scarlett, but she could only move a few inches in any direction. The flames were blocking her every exit. Within minutes the fire would consume her. â€Å"Please, Scarlett, we’re sisters. Please don’t do this!† Scarlett stood still with her bags in hand. Angry flames danced and cracked all around her, and black smoke encircled her body like a sinister tornado. â€Å"At least go with a little dignity, Cassie.† She dropped her bags in place and took a few deliberate steps closer. She leaned down slowly, like a serpent, to look Cassie in the eyes. â€Å"Did our father scream for mercy when you killed him, Cassie? I bet not.† Scarlett had his eyes, Cassie realized. Those pitch-black marbles that were cold as death, just like Black John’s. She was more his daughter than Cassie was. How could Cassie have been so fooled by her before? And then Cassie remembered her mother’s words about Black John. He wasn’t all bad, she’d said. â€Å"You don’t have to do this,† Cassie cried, trying to soften Scarlett’s cold hard stare with her own. â€Å"There’s good inside you, even now. You can choose to not be like him.† â€Å"I know.† Scarlett kicked Cassie away with the heel of her black boot. â€Å"But where’s the fun in that?† How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 27, Essay examples

A Hopeless Quality Essay Research Paper Tenets free essay sample

A Hopeless Quality Essay, Research Paper Dogmas of Tenneyson in Tithonus ? Tithonus? was written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The verse form? s scene is the ancient narrative of Tithonus. Tithonus fell in love with Eos, goddess of the morning, and asked her for immortality. Unfortunately for Tithonus he did non inquire for ageless young person, merely ageless life. He, hence, grows old but neer dies while Eos non merely neer dies but besides neer grows old. What makes Tithonus? s state of affairs worse is that? the Gods themselves can non remember their gifts? ( 49 ) . This dramatic soliloquy is characteristic of Tennyson. Tithonus is an first-class illustration of a dramatic soliloquy. There is a talker, Tithonus, who is non the poet. There is an audience? the Gods. Another feature of a dramatic soliloquy found in Tithonus is an exchange between the talker and the audience: ? I asked thee, ? Give me immortality? ? ? ( 15 ) . A character survey is when the talker speaks from an extraordinary position: Tithonus is looking back on his determination, a determination which the reader will neer be able to do but can merely woolgather of doing. His portraiture of his determination causes the common response to be rejected: most people would desire ageless life, but Tithonus proves this short-sighted. Tithonus proves the want for immortality vain by saying that: Why should a adult male desire in any manner To change from the charitable race of work forces, Or base on balls beyond the end of regulation Where all should hesitate, as is most meet for all? ( 29-31 ) . Another trait of the dramatic soliloquy is the dramatic, or critical, minute. In Tithonus this minute is when Tithonus decides that he does non desire immortality: ? take back thy gift? ( 27 ) . ? Tithonus? has all of the basic traits of a dramatic soliloquy: a talker who is non the poet, an identifiable audience, an exchange between the two, a critical minute, and a character survey of the talker. One other trait of a dramatic soliloquy is a dramatic tenseness. This tenseness is between rough judgement and understanding. This tenseness makes the audience see objectively instead than subjectively. The audience has sympathy for Tithonus, because he suffers: ? strong hours indignant worked their volitions, and crush me down and scarred and wasted me? ( 50 ) His stating the narrative besides conveying understanding from the audience. The audience must judge Tithonus negatively, because he has made an mistake. His mistake was his will? to change from the charitable race of work forces? ( 29 ) . The dramatic tenseness in? Tithonus? is caused by the clang of the audience? s understanding with the gt ; demand to judge Tithonus? s actions. ? Tithonus? has many of the traits feature of Tennyson. One such dogma is universe fatigue and the look for remainder, this is portrayed by Tithonus? s desire to turn old and dice. Didacticism, or instructiveness, is found in the statement, ? happy work forces. . . have the power to decease? ( 70 ) . Another dogma of Tennyson nowadays is it is a signifier of a narrative, a soliloquy. ? Tithonus? besides contains the fulfilment of the duty as a poet to learn the multitudes: Tennyson Teachs that adult male? s mortality is a approval. The great Romantic and Victorian subject of the yesteryear is besides prevalent in Tithonus? s will to undo the expletive of immortality: ? take back thy gift? ( 27 ) . One really obvious dogma of Tennyson is the rewording of ancient myths: Tennyson tells the ancient narrative of Tithonus. Isolation and alienation, another dogma of Tennyson, is present in Tithonus? s portion adult male and portion God position which alienates him from both: ? immortal age beside immortal young person? ( 22 ) . Tennyson besides uses elevated, stately, mediaeval enunciation: ? thine, ? ? thy, ? and? thee? ( 6, 27, 53 ) . In? Tithonus? Tennyson shows that he is a poet of advancement and alteration: ? the forests decay, the forests decay and autumn? ( 1 ) . Tennyson besides portrays societal consciousness of the importance his message has to the civilization: he shows the societal significance of immortality, a dream many people hold, and the disaffection it causes by changing adult male? from the charitable race of work forces? ( 29 ) . This verse form indirectly suppresses gender by demoing a negative result of lecherousness between two persons. This esoteric verse form offers a didactic statement of the poet? s moral and societal committedness: ? Where all should hesitate, as is most meet for all? ( 31 ) . ? Tithonus? has an implicit in sense of escape in that Tithonus wishes to get away the eternal defeats of life: ? let go of me, and reconstruct me to the grave? ( 72 ) . Through this quotation mark, Tennyson besides shows his longing for permanency, the permanency of decease. Tennyson besides depicts his nationalism, nationalism to the ? race of work forces? by seeking to learn others non to wish to change from it ( 29 ) . ? Tithonus? contains most of the major dogmas of Tennyson. In the terminal, this verse form is about determination devising and the ageless effects of determinations. Through Tithonus? s mishaps of immortality, the audience learns that immortality is non for adult male, and it is through the dramatic tenseness that the audience sees this objectively. Tennyson stresses the art of good determination devising and the importance of our determinations because of the perchance ageless significance they have. 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The Jungle Essays (782 words) - Meat Packing Industry, The Jungle

The Jungle Upton Sinclair's The Jungle is the story of a Lithuanian family that immigrates from their home city in Lithuania to the city of Chicago. The novel begins with the strong description of a wedding in which Ona Lukoszaite and Jurgis Rudkus are united in Holy Matrimony. The two of them then move to Chicago. Soon after the wedding, Ona and Jurgis have many great debts to pay due to both the wedding and a large debt that Ona's father left them after he died. Due to Jurgis' large size and strong will he found a job in Chicago within only a half an hour of waiting in the unemployment line. Back in the newlywed's hometown of Lithuania, Ona and Jurgis' family anticipated a move to America. America uses the image of the ?American Dream? to lure immigrants to this land of opportunity. The family desperately desires higher wages and true freedom. For months and months, Jurgis works very hard to pay for the families travel to Ona and Jurgis' new hometown, Chicago. When the family finally makes it to America, their funds are very low. They met with a well off man named Jokubas Szedvilas who placed the family in a run down youth hostel. Jokubas takes the family to the meatpacking factory. He makes jokes about the sanitation of the operation (due only to the lack of quality of the meat). The family finds an advertisement for a housing complex that is very cheap. They talk to a real estate agent and they go see the housing complex. The houses aren't as big and luxurious as they are pictured in the advertisement, but the price is right. The real estate agent swindles them, and they are pulled into the contract. Sinclair emphasizes the corruption of upper class society during this era. Jurgis' father, Dede Antanas, is promised a job by a grubby worker, but only if he pays that worker one third of his wages. He takes the job despite the disgusting working conditions and his low pay. Jurgis is a very hard worker. He is the only person in the meat plant that doesn't complain. He doesn't think much of the other workers. He feels that they never get any work done, and all they do is gripe. Marija, Ona's cousin and Jonas, Ona's step brother, both get jobs, but neither one holds them for very long. From there things take a turn for the worst. The meat packing factories prove to be very unsanitary. Animal fetuses and even human corpses were processed, packaged, and distributed to the country. Working conditions became even worse for Jurgis, and after both his wife and child die, he left his job and family. Jurgis, now struggling more and more for money, turns to crime. The slums of Chicago show great contrast between the upper class and the underprivileged. The majority of the immigrant society possess very little money. Jurgis, an underprivileged person, must make his money illegally. He wanders the city aimlessly taking continuous criticism from the upper class of Chicago. He returned home to find that Ona's stepmother's child, Stanislovas, who once had a great fear of the cold after a frostbite incident, has tragically been eaten alive by a pack of rats on the job. He also finds out that his cousin in law Marija has become a whore to make money for herself. Jurgis tries to convince her to give it up, but she become addicted to morphine and she depends on the money. Jurgis' life has hit a dead end. He only finds light when he hears a political speaker involved with the Socialist party. He feels that an oversized proportion of a government is the only thing to uplift people of his kind. Back then, in the United States, being poor was a terrible crime in its self. I believe that these people looked toward a more Socialistic government because this type of government would take some of the power from the upper class and would give it to the poor. These people were working terrible shifts in horrible working conditions. If they were born poor they would remain that way unless they really got lucky, the same as

Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation

Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation By Mark Nichol After thumbing through the dictionary or perusing a usage guide, you’d think that the trend in American English and, to a lesser extent, in British English is to omit hyphens from words consisting of a prefix attached to the root word. But reality begs to differ. Mail sent from nonprofit organizations invariably features the word non-profit in the upper right-hand corner, where a stamp would normally be placed. (By contrast, the US Postal Service, on its Web site, correctly styles the term nonprofit but the Internal Revenue Service employs the hyphen, as do many such organizations.) Commercial Web sites and product catalogs invite customers to plan ahead, using the word pre-order, though the dictionary listing is preorder. And many print or online references to peace movements feature the term anti-war, despite the designation of the standard form in virtually all writing resources as antiwar. So, why do descriptivist and prescriptivist handbooks alike exhort readers to close the gap, when so many people who use the English language to communicate in writing ignore or are ignorant of the authorities’ citations? The natural trend in associating words or parts of words is to first combine them in open compounds, later hyphenate them as they become more established, and finally convert them into closed compounds when familiarity is thoroughly achieved (though many compounds remain open or hyphenated long after these evolutionary stages seem overdue). But most writers seemingly a majority of amateurs and definitely too many professionals don’t pay attention to such details, though the standard is easily ascertained by a glance in a dictionary or another resource. The exceptions to the preponderance of closed prefixes are relatively few and more or less simple. Retain a hyphen in the following cases: When the root word is a proper noun (post-Depression) or a number (pre-1914) When the prefix precedes an existing prefix (non-self-governing) When the prefix precedes a proper open compound (â€Å"pre-Civil War†) in such a case, the symbol should technically be an en dash, to help clarify that pre- modifies â€Å"Civil War,† not just the word it is actually attached to, but many publications, print and online, use a simple hyphen When two instances of the letter i or the letter a are adjacent (anti-intellectual, extra-action), or another combination of letters could hamper reading (pro-labor and many other pro- constructions) When a prefix is repeated (anti-antibody) When suspensive hyphenation is employed (â€Å"over- and understimulation†) Also, some people find it awkward to close up co- and a word starting with c (they prefer co-chair to cochair), with o (co-owner is preferred to coowner), or even with any word (coworker, instead of co-worker, annoys many writers). In addition, there are isolated illogical exceptions. For example, why close up reentry but hyphenate de-emphasis? And an otherwise superfluous hyphen is often inserted to distinguish homographs (as with re-count, â€Å"to tally again,† as opposed to recount, â€Å"to narrate†). Some writers ignore this seemingly overcautious strategy, though a clear context doesn’t necessarily obviate it. (Sometimes, the distinction does seem unnecessary: How many people write recreate as the verb form of recreation compared to using the prevalent usage, meaning â€Å"to create again†? But, oddly, the dominant homograph is given the hyphenated form.) Despite this apparent multitude of deviations from the norm, there is a norm: An overwhelming majority of prefixes are closed. But if you’re ever in doubt, just consult your dictionary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 15 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

The importance of analysis and analitical skills to the manager making Essay

The importance of analysis and analitical skills to the manager making decisions in business - Essay Example Business opportunity of get fit quick Competition, coupled with increased changes in the business environment, has combined to execute powerful impact on the way managers and their different organizations conduct businesses. In this regard, organizations have been forced to develop and implement the most sophisticated decision-making techniques in order to ensure available resources are economically and optimally utilized. In order for business to get fit quickly and successfully, managers are required to explore the different available alternatives of decision-making. The alternatives should have the ability to outline, in the most efficient way, how the organization can make use of the available resources in a way that differs from competitors and give returns that enable the business to create competitive advantage (Casey and Capella University 2006). Available resources in an organization can be used in ways that provide opportunity for the organization to achieve maximum utility. However, this is possible through selecting the best alternatives of decision-making as it pertains to resource utilization, environmental scanning, and goals to be achieved. Approaches of decision-making process Management literature depicts that decision-making process can benefit greatly from the four main approaches that are generally used in making decisions. As a result, in order for decision-making process to be successful and productive, managers are either to select one or multiple approaches that include logical systems approach, contingency approach, quantitative approach, and the qualitative approach. Logical systems of decision-making are premised on the rationality essence that is needed to make decisions (Wysocki 2010). In this case, an individual (manager) is perceived to have rational set of stages that should be followed before arriving at the appropriate conclusion regarding decision (Wysocki, 2010). Contingency approach on the other hand categorizes or program alternatives that can be used to achieve decision goals (Sengupta and Bhattacharya, 2006). A problem is presented to have different ways of solving it and this lead to development and evaluation of different ways of finding solution. On the other hand, quantitative approaches dictate that, decision-making process succeed when concept such as project management are adopted (Anderson, 2011). In this way, figures are seen to possess great ability of providing management with chances of finding solut

The impact of environmental laws on property management in the UK Dissertation

The impact of environmental laws on property management in the UK - Dissertation Example Projections are given in regards to the overall success in a broad sense of the present model of progress benchmarks along the way towards safer industry and human activity with respect to Earth's ecosystems. These needs are compared with the goals and interests of property owners. Table of Contents Declaration †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.4 Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.4 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.4 Literature Review Part One †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.5 Literature Review Part Two †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.35 Literature Review Part Three †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.45 Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.59 Findings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.59 Conclusion and Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.61 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p.65 Declaration As a part of the European Union, the United Kingdom must adapt existing territor ial legislation into harmony with existing environmental policy. Most modern environmental legislation in Europe is passed down from United Nations International treaties, to be ratified by the European Union, and disseminated for review to individual nation states. All property owners have an obligation to respond to environmental policies and regulations, even those not engaged in heavy industrial waste production. Preface This study constitutes an analysis of environmental regulations as they exist in the United Kingdom pertaining to housing and property management. The practice of environmental regulation and enforcement is detailed. Findings, conclusions and recommendations follow the primary literature review. Introduction The most basic definition of the environment would be that which is not ourselves, and yet we all live in a world of interconnectedness and interrelationships were all are affected by the actions of others whether or not we are aware of them. A more detailed legal definition is in order, however: "Environment shall mean the space with all living organisms and natural resources, natural and man-made values, their interaction and the entire space in which people live and in which settlements, goods in general use, industrial and other facilities, including the media in the areas of the environment, are situated. " (Home, 2007) It is reasonable suppose that any contrived separation of any individual or organization from the environment is an illusion. And it is thus the responsibility of all citizens, and all commercial enterprises to cultivate a principle of stewardship for and within their greater environment. This study will relate principally to environmental policies pertaining to property ownership in the United Kingdom, specifically the rules and regulations in regards to legal compliance with environmental laws relevant to both residential and commercial property owners. The intent of environmental policy will be described in acco rdance with United Nations and European Union mandates which are then disseminated into laws by the various member nations. The means by which these laws are implemented, the challenges in their implementation, and the ramifications of these legal principles for the environment and for the rights of property owners shall be detailed. Literature Review Part One There is no doubt as to the necessity of a certain responsible level of environmental regulation in the field of housing and property management. The importance of environmental controls can be regularly seen in clean air and pristine water, especially when it is contrasted